Estimation of the seismic response of shallow foundations during a strong earthquake has been proven a difficult task throughout the years. The main cause of this difficulty arises from the fact that soil behaves in a highly non-linear manner when subjected to large cyclic strains.
It can deform substantially and, when saturated, can develop high pore pressures and finally liquefy. Liquefaction consequently leads to severe loss of bearing capacity, which damages seriously the superstructure. Extensive damage to shallow foundations due to liquefaction has been reported in numerous cases in the past, from Niigata (1964) earthquake to the more recent 1999 M 7.4 Kocaeli earthquake.
It can deform substantially and, when saturated, can develop high pore pressures and finally liquefy. Liquefaction consequently leads to severe loss of bearing capacity, which damages seriously the superstructure. Extensive damage to shallow foundations due to liquefaction has been reported in numerous cases in the past, from Niigata (1964) earthquake to the more recent 1999 M 7.4 Kocaeli earthquake.
Despite the severity of damages, relatively little has been achieved towards the development of a consistent methodology for the design of foundations systems under these circumstances. Usually, the presence of superstructure is neglected and calculations are performed for free-field conditions.
Liquefaction Impact |
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