(2) Two-to-one Load Distribution Method:- The actual distribution of load with the depth is complex. However, it can be assumed to spread approximately at a slope of two (vertical) to (horizontal). Thus the vertical pressure at any depth z below the soil surface can be determined approximately by constructing a frustum of pyramid (or cone) of depth z and side slopes(2:1). The pressure distribution is assumed to be uniform on a horizontal plane at that depth.
The average vertical stress σz depends upon the shape of the loaded area, as given below( fig. 1.2).
Fig.1.2: Two-to-One Distribution. |
(a)
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Square Area (B × B)
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(b)
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Rectangular Area (B ×L)
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(c)
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Strip Area (width B,
unit length)
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(d)
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Circular Area (diameter
D)
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The above method gives fairly accurate values of the average vertical stress if the depth z is less than 2.5 times the width of the loaded area. The maximum stress is generally taken as 1.5 times the average stress determined above.
(3) Sixty Degree Distribution:- This method is similar to the preceding method. In this case, the pressure distribution is assumed along lines making an angle of 60° with the horizontal instead of 63.50 (2:1). The method gives approximately the same results.
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