Import Drawing from AutoCAD to STAAD.Pro. (PART-8)

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Import Drawing from AutoCAD to STAAD.Pro. (PART-7)

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Import Drawing from AutoCAD to STAAD.Pro. (PART-6)

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Import Drawing from AutoCAD to STAAD.Pro. (PART-5)

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Import Drawing from AutoCAD to STAAD.Pro. (PART-4)

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Import Drawing from AutoCAD to STAAD.Pro. (PART-3)

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Import Drawing from AutoCAD to STAAD.Pro. (PART-2)

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Import Drawing from AutoCAD to STAAD.Pro. (PART-1)

The plan in Fig:1.0 is the desired drawing that have to import  to  a STAAD.Pro  file to generate  a new  model. Now we are in required AutoCAD file. Here we will discuss the procedure in details showing all commands in AutoCAD, required to process the CAD file exportable to STAAD.Pro.

Fig: 1.0

In Fig: 2.0, the beam-column layout is shown.

Fig: 2.0
At first, lines have to draw along thebeam intersecting their center lines. To accomplish this purpose we will use the Construction Line command. As shown in Fig : 3.0 select Construction Line from Draw toolbar.

SYMBOL: Construction Line

Fig: 3.0

Notice in the command line Five options are appeared. Among these we will use Hor & Ver which represents Horizontal and  vertical. So we write V (Fig: 4.0) and press enter from keyboard and  draw all  vertical line intersecting the center line of the column and beam as per layout as suggested by Architects and structural engineers considering the aesthetic and structural safety. Again use Construction Line command and write H in command line to provide all horizontal lines intersecting column and beam center line as well as intersecting the the lines those drawn normal the Horizontal using vertical Construction line command.

Fig: 4.0

The resulting figure is shown in Fig 5.0. It is worth mentioning that construction line has infinite length in both X and Y direction corresponding to horizontal and vertical construction line. For convinience of our work we trim (cutting off unexpected portion of lines or construction lines) this construction lines making a retangle around the plan. This makes congestion free clean and readable figure(Fig 5.0). So we will make a rectangle as shown in Fig 5.0 and Fig 6.0. Tutorial for drawing rectangle is published(posted) in these blog.

Fig: 5.0

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Underground storage tank

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An Underground Storage Tank (UST), in United States environmental law, is a tank and any underground piping connected to the tank that has at least 10 percent of its combined volume underground.

Tank types

Underground storage tanks generally fall into four different types:

Steel/aluminum tank, made by manufacturers in most states and conforming to standards set by the Steel Tank Institute.

Composite overwrapped, a metal tank (aluminum/steel) with filament windings like glass fiber/aramid or carbon fiber or a plastic compound around the metal cylinder for corrosion protection and to form an interstitial space.

Tanks made from composite material, fiberglass/aramid or carbon fiber with a metal liner (aluminum or steel). See metal matrix composite.

Composite tanks such as carbon fiber with a polymer liner (thermoplastic). See rotational molding and fibre-reinforced plastic (FRP).

Petroleum underground storage tank

Leaking underground storage tanks are one source of toxic liability

USTs, used to store petroleum, are regulated in the United States to prevent release of petroleum and contamination of groundwater, they are used throughout North America at automobile filling stations and many have leaked, allowing petroleum to contaminate the soil and groundwater.

Many USTs installed before 1980 consisted of bare steel pipes, which corrode over time, and may eventually result in leakage. Faulty installation and inadequate handling may also cause leaks.

In 1984, in the United States, the Congress developed laws to minimize and prevent environmental damage, by charging owners with the task of verifying, maintaining and, if necessary, cleaning up sites damaged by petroleum contamination.

Legislation requiring owners to locate, remove, upgrade, or replace underground storage tanks became effective December 24, 1989. Each State was given authority to establish a program within its own jurisdiction to set up a program to compensate owners for the cleanup of underground petroleum leaks, to set standards and licensing for installers, and to register and inspect underground tanks.

Most upgrades to USTs consisted of the installation of corrosion control (cathodic protection), overfill protection (to prevent overfills of the tank during tank filling operations), spill containment (to catch spills when filling), and leak detection for both the tank and piping.

Many USTs were removed without replacement during the 10-year program and many thousands of old underground tanks were replaced with newer tanks made of corrosion resistant materials (such as fiberglass) and constructed as double walled tanks to catch leaks from the inner tanks and to give an interstitial space to accommodate leak detection sensors. Piping was replaced during the same period with much of the new piping being double wall construction and made of fiberglass or plastic materials.

Tank monitoring systems capable of detecting leaks as small as 0.1 gallons-per-hour were installed and other methods were adopted to alert the tank operator of leaks and potential leaks.

Regulations included a requirement that UST cathodic protection systems be tested by a cathodic protection expert (minimum every 3 years) and that systems be monitored to ensure continued compliant operation.

Many owners, who previously stored fuel in underground tanks, went to above ground tanks to enable closer environmental monitoring of fuel storage and to reduce costs. Many states, however, do not permit above ground storage of motor fuel for resale to the public.

The U.S. EPA Underground Storage Tank Program is generally considered to have been very successful - with the national inventory of underground tanks reduced by more than half and most of the rest having been replaced or upgraded to much safer standards. But of the approximately 1 million underground storage tanks in the United States as of 2008, most of which are filled with some type of fuel, an estimated 500,000 were leaking.

Fibreglass

What is fibreglass and what makes it so versatile and widely used?

Fibreglass offers a high degree of design flexibility and is a material that can be moulded into products that can be used for virtually any application.

Fibreglass opens up fantastic possibilities and delivers fantastic results…..

Fibreglass (also called glass-fibre) is made from strands of silica-based glass extruded into very fine fibres, these fibres are held together with a binder, there are normally two kinds of binder available, powder or emulsion, it's this binder which holds the fibres together to produce chop strand matt , chop strand matt is just one of the many kinds of glass-fibre reinforcements available, there are more exotic fibres available, such as Kevlar and Carbon fibre, these are used for more high-end applications.

Glass-fibres when combined with a polymer matrix i.e. resin; will result in what is classed as a composite material, but this composite is better known as GRP (Glass Reinforced Plastic) or FRP (Fibre Reinforced Plastic) but the most popular and widely used term is Fibreglass.

The most popular polymer matrix of choice is normally polyester resin, but there are others available, Such as Vinyl-ester, epoxy, polyurethane, just to mention but a few, the fibre and resin choice is normally based on the end use of the moulded product and the criteria laid down by the client.

Examples of fibreglass mouldings,

• Construction, architectural facades, internal & external cladding, canopies and columns, domed structures, bespoke building features, and much more…..
  
• Leisure, water slides, theme park rides, play equipment, swimming pool liners and much more……..
  
• Marine, boat hulls and other components, ship parts, life raft enclosures, pontoons, and much more….
  
• Automotive, body shells, spoilers, body kits, truck wind deflectors, trailer shells, and much more….
  
• Aerospace, fuselages, cowling, aircraft components, micro-lights, and much more….
  
• Bespoke, enclosures, buildings, furniture, housings, specialist applications and much more…….

Fibreglass is a composite material that has few constrains or design limitations, the typical properties of this modern day material allow it to be easily moulded into products of any size, shape, or colour, yet these fantastic results can be achieved at a competitively low cost when compared with other more conventional materials.

Fibreglass moulded components can be light weight, strong, with low maintenance requirements, and can be manufactured to meet specific requirements like fire-retardantcy, chemical-resistance, or be resilient to environmental extremes, in short this outstanding modern day composite material has great potential for designers, architects, and end-uses alike, pushing the design boundaries further, so before you finalize your next design, consider fibreglass, as your material of choice…….

Benefits of Composite Material

Objects can be classified on the basis of material used for manufacturing. Engineered materials that are made up of more than one material of desired chemical and physical property are called composite material.

Composite mainly comprises of materials that can be classified as matrix and reinforce. The matrix material supports reinforce whereas reinforce material forms the structure an impart strength. Composite materials generally have high strength to weight ratio, this quality helps for applications where high strength is required at less weight. The most common examples of composite material are fibreglass, carbon fibre, plywood etc. Fibreglass is made from fine glass fibre which acts as reinforcement material to polymers which act as matrix. Similarly GRP (Glass reinforced plastic) material is also used for manufacturing of doors.

According to the properties of GRP they render high strength, glossy effect due to glass though light in weight due to plastic. GRP doors also known as composite doors have high strength to weight ratio this makes it for the best choice for entrance doors which needs looks and security equally. GRP has all the desired property for an entrance door such as

• Resistant to heat and water
• No colour fading in sunlight
• No expansion or warping due to moisture
• No need to paint
• As non conductor of heat so by structure it is energy efficient
• Stronger in strength than wood though lighter than it

There is also other material doors offer uPVC, PVC, PVCu.
These clear advantages make it a perfect choice for entrance door with style for home improvement or renovation projects.

Glass Reinforced Plastic

GRP, Glass Reinforced Plastic, better known as fibreglass,

GRP, Glass Reinforced Plastic, offers designers unparalleled design freedom and flexibility, this unique composite material can be moulded into any products you can imagine, but what is Glass Reinforced plastic and what can it be used for?


GRP, Glass Reinforced Plastic opens up fantastic possibilities and delivers fantastic results......

Glass reinforced plastic (also known as fibreglass), is a composite material that consists of strands of glass fibre suspended in a polymer matrix, i.e. resin; which results in a material that combines the compressive strength of plastic and the tensile strength of glass fibre, thus resulting in a composite material that can withstand compressive and tensile loads, but this strength can be further enhanced with the addition of reinforcements or more exotic fibres such as Kevlar or carbon fibre, both of these fires can be woven into a cloth with various fibre orientations such as, uni-directional, bi-axial, tri-axial, and quad-axial weaves, but these cloths are normally employed in more hi-end products like formula one racing cars ect. The most popular polymer matrix of choice is normally polyester resin, but there are others available, Such as Vinyl-ester, epoxy, polyurethane, to mention but a few, but the fibre and resin choice is normally based on the end use of the moulded product and the criteria laid down by the client.

Glass reinforced plastic has few constrains or design limitations, the typical properties of this modern day material allow it to be easily moulded into products of any size, shape, or colour, yet fantastic results can be achieved at a competitively low cost when compared with other more conventional materials, further more, these moulded components can be light weight, strong, with low maintenance requirements, and can be manufactured to meet specific requirements like fire- retardantcy, chemical-resistance, or be resilient to environmental extremes, in short this outstanding modern day composite material has great potential for designers, architects, and end-uses alike, pushing the design boundaries further, so before you finalize your next design, consider Glass reinforced plastic composite as your material of choice.

Some Examples of Glass reinforced plastic moulded products,

• Construction, architectural facades, internal & external cladding, canopies and columns, domed structures, bespoke building features, and much more…..
• Leisure, water slides, theme park rides, play equipment, swimming pool liners and much more……..
• Marine, boat hulls and other components, ship parts, life raft enclosures, pontoons, and much more….
• Automotive, body shells, spoilers, body kits, truck wind deflectors, trailer shells, and much more….
• Aerospace, fuselages, cowling, aircraft components, micro-lights, and much more….
• Bespoke, enclosures, buildings, furniture, housings, specialist applications and much more…….

 As you can see there are many uses for Glass reinforced plastic, you probably see various moulded products each day, but you never realised until now, so next time you go out, pick something that you walk past, it could be some thing simple like a post box or a canopy on the front of a building, give thought to how it could be moulded, how many pieces would the mould need to be, what materials would be appropriate for the product, and so on, this process can throw up some interesting problems for you to overcome, but the real test will be for you to mould a product in Glass reinforced plastic, give it a try.

Foundation System of Burj Dubai

Foundation System: The Tower is founded on a 3700mm thick high performance reinforced concrete pile supported raft foundation at -7.55 DMD. The reinforced concrete raft foundation utilizes high performance Self Compacting Concrete (SCC) and is placed over a minimum 100mm blinding slab over waterproofing membrane, over at least 50mm blinding slab. The raft foundation bottom and all sides are protected with waterproofing membrane.

See figure above for the Raft Foundation System. The piles are 1500mm diameter, high performance reinforced concrete bored piles, extending approximately 45 meters below the base of the raft. All piles utilize self compacting concrete (SCC) with w/c ratio not exceeding 0.30, placed in one continuous concrete pour using the tremie method. The final pile elevations are founded at -55 DMD to achieve the assumed pile capacities of 3000Tonnes.

Raft Foundation System

A robust cathodic protection system for both the bored piles and the raft foundation system protects the foundation and the reinforced concrete raft against the severe and corrosive environment (chloride and sulfate)
of the soil at the Burj Dubai site.

Layout of Raft Foundation System

Lateral Load Resisting System of Burj Dubai

Lateral Load Resisting System

The tower’s lateral load resisting system consists of high performance, reinforced concrete ductile core walls linked to the exterior reinforced concrete columns through a series of reinforced concrete shear wall panels at the mechanical levels.

The core walls vary in thickness from 1300mm to 500mm. The core walls are typically linked through a series of 800mm to 1100mm deep  reinforced concrete or composite link beams at every level. 


Due to the limitation on the link beam depth, ductile composite link beams are provided in certain areas of the core wall system. These composite ductile link beams typically consist of steel shear plates, or structural steel built-up I-shaped beams, with shear studs embedded in the concrete section. The link beam width typically matches the adjacent core wall thickness.

At the top of the center reinforced concrete core wall, a very tall spire tops the building, making it the tallest tower in the world for all categories. The lateral load resisting system of the spire consists of a diagonal structural steel bracing system at level 156.

Floor Framing System


 The residential and hotel floor framing system of the Tower consists of 200mm to 300mm two-way reinforced concrete flat plate slabs spanning approximately9 meters between the exterior columns and the interior core wall. The floor framing system at the tips of the tower floor consists of a 225mm to 250mm two-way reinforced concrete flat plate system. The floor framing system within the interior core consists of a two way reinforced concrete flat plate system with beams.

Foreshock, Main shocks, Aftershocks and Earthquake Swarm

When a series of earthquakes with shallow focal depths occur within a limited time and area and if there is an event, which is much larger than the rest, this event is called the main shock. Earthquake occurring before the main shock are called aftershocks. A series of earthquakes without a main shock is called an earthquake swarm.

The patterns of earthquake occurrence in tome domain can be generally divided into three groups:

1. Foreshock-main shock-aftershock,

2. Main shock-aftershock, and

3. Earthquake swarm.

Foreshocks are rarely observed while aftershocks are always observed after every large earthquake. Foreshocks are important for earthquake prediction and aftershocks are vital for the study of the mechanism of the rupture of the main shock. The area where aftershocks occur is called the aftershocks region. The distances from the focus and the epicenter to an observation point are called focal distance and epicenter distance respectively. The observation point is termed the station. Seismic destruction propagates from the focus through a limited region of the surrounding earth body, which is called the focal region. The larger the earthquake, the larger the focal region. When evaluating earthquake parameters, it should be kept in mind that the data may contain inaccuracies. The dates of old earthquakes are often not accurate in the catalogs and descriptions of the size of the earthquake and its effects are sometimes imprecise. For recent earthquakes, the data are usually accurate. Origin time is known with an accuracy of a few seconds for earthquakes in the second half of the 20^th century. The accuracy decreases with elapsed time and depends on the number of recording stations and on the accuracy of the time service. Most instrumental epicenters are now determined with a standard error of 10 – 20 km; the earlier instrumental determinations are known with a low accuracy varying according to the number, position, and reliability of recording stations.  

Skid Steer Bucket Concrete Mixer

A skid-steer bucket concrete mixer is a skid-steer forklift attachment that combines the benefits of a loader and a concrete mixer into a single piece of equipment. With this innovative and compact piece of equipment, your company can combine the benefits of a loader and a concrete mixer into a single device. This one of a kind concrete mixer allows you to produce thoroughly mixed concrete quickly and efficiently without the assistance of a third party and with no time delays. It also allows you to transport the concrete to pour sites located in areas too small for larger concrete mixers to reach.

A skid steer-bucket concrete mixer features a design that allows it to be lowered like a bucket to scoop sand and gravel. The mixer can then be tilted back into the upright position, exposing a bag splitter that allows you to break bags of cement and pour their contents directly into the unit. You can then add water, mix it with the sand, gravel, and cement, have concrete ready to pour in a matter of minutes. The skid-steer bucket concrete mixer discharges its contents either through a chute on the side, or by being tilted downward. This allows the unit greater flexibility in reaching hard to get to places.

Skid steer bucket concrete mixers provide work crews with an economic alternative to manual loading that can lead to back injuries. They save a great deal of time for work crews who normally have to wait on ready-mix companies to bring in trucks. It is much better to get the job done right then and there without having to depend on a third party that may actually charge you for more materials and services than you actually need. Because ready-mix companies tend to avoid selling small quantities of concrete, contractors often have to meet minimum volume requirements when ordering concrete, plus they have to pay for the labor.

With a smaller, bucket concrete mixer you can control yourself, you can pay for only the materials that you need. Existing work crews on site can handle the mixing, and you don't have to wait for delivery. Adding the bucket concrete mixer to your skid-steer, you can transform an existing piece of equipment with a simple attachment that minimizes procurement costs and better enables you to meet project deadlines.

A number of features enable skid-steer bucket concrete mixers to function in a fast, ergonomic, and accurate manner. A new, improved design uses a revolving paddle to mix cement. This method is much more efficient than the use of augers and produces a more blended constituency. These paddles are driven by a hydraulic motor that attaches to your skid-steer's hydraulic system through a chain and sprocket drive. This eliminates the need for a separate power source, and it allows the skid-steer itself to power the concrete mixer. The chain and sprocket drive also allow for paddle reversal and protect the skid-steer bucket from shock.

While skid-steer bucket concrete mixers are made for cement mixing, not mixing grout, they can be adapted to mixing grout if you incorporate 3/8" of pea gravel into the mix design. The total grout or concrete mixing capacity of the skid steer bucket is 9 cubic feet. These attachments are intended for mounting on universal quick-tach skid-steers rated at 1600lbs or greater.

Sanitary Landfill Site Selection

The following important factors must be considered when evaluating potential landfill sites for disposal of solid wastes:

1. It is important to ensure that sufficient land area is available for disposal of solid wastes for a reasonable period of time, preferably greater than one year 9(minimum), because for short periods, the disposal operation becomes more expensive.

2. Haul distance will have significant impact on operating cost. Although minimum haul distances are desirable, other factors like collection route location, local traffic patterns and access conditions must also be considered.

3. It is important that the cover material should be available at or near the landfill site. Therefore the soil conditions and topography of the site must be considered,

4. Climate conditions, e.g., wind patterns and local surface water hydrology of the area has to be considered because these will have impact on the access to landfill sites.

5. Geologic and hydrogeologic conditions are the most important factors in establishing the environmental suitability of the area and are required to assess the pollution potential of the proposed site. It is to be ensured that the movement of leachate and the gasses from the landfill will not contaminate the ground water aquifer.

6. Extreme care is necessary in the operation of the landfill so that it is environmentally acceptable with respect to noise, odor, dust, vector control. Flying papers and plastics must also be controlled.

7. The issue of the ultimate use of the completed landfill site is to be considered prior to the layout and designed the proposed landfill.

Hazardous waste disposal

Hazardous waste may be defined as wastes or a combination of the wastes that pose a substantial present or potential threat to human health or living organisms because:

1. Such wastes are non-degradable or persistent in nature;

2. They can be biologically magnified;

3. They may otherwise cause or tend to cause cumulative detrimental effects.

From practical standpoint, wastes are categorized into five groups. These are:

a. Radioactive substance;

b. Toxic chemicals(acids)

c. Hazardous biological wastes (hospital wastes);

d. Flammable wastes (oil);

e. Explosives (ordinance materials).

Collection, processing, treatment and disposal of hazardous wastes:

The hazardous waste is collected in sealed container to deliver it to a treatment or disposal facility. The processing of hazardous waste in undertaken for recovering useful materials and for preparing the waste for disposal. The treatment of such waste can be accomplished by physical, chemical, thermal or biological means depending upon the nature of wastes. Most hazardous waste and disposed of either near the surface or by deep burial. In some cases, they are disposed into controlled sanitary landfill sites.