Liquid Roof is the liquid version of true EPDM rubber marketed in the world. Liquid Roof facilitates RV industry in first instance. Liquid Roof be able to outline to any outside area and self-adheres to a faultless covering that protects your RV as of throbbing rain and extra rudiments. This hard-wearing, RV roof repair outside layer moreover defends against throbbing water and gives covering, maintenance your RV cooler in the summer and heater in the coldness. Liquid Roof liquid rubber is super-strong and waterproof, and is able to survive tremendous temperatures of warmth and chilly. The liquid form makes it possible to apply EPDM rubber to many materials regardless of their shape. It cures by chemical reaction at ambient (ordinary) temperatures to form a flexible rubber membrane. A pre-measured catalyst is added to the rubber compound before application.
Frp Tanks: Built To Last
FRP Storage Tanks:
FRP Storage Tanks are built to last
FRP storage tanks offer reliability, corrosion resistance and advanced engineering designs for both aboveground and belowground storage tanks.
UL Listed single-wall and double-wall construction are available for many industries. Double-wall tanks can accommodate a wide array of high-tech electronic leak monitoring and stored product control equipment.
FRP Storage Tanks are built to last
FRP storage tanks offer reliability, corrosion resistance and advanced engineering designs for both aboveground and belowground storage tanks.
UL Listed single-wall and double-wall construction are available for many industries. Double-wall tanks can accommodate a wide array of high-tech electronic leak monitoring and stored product control equipment.
FRP aboveground tanks are ideal for:
- Acids
- Caustics
- Solvents and non-flammable corrosive fluids in petroleum production, chemical, pulp and paper, and other industrial applications
FRP Shop Fabricated Aboveground Tank sizes range from 40 to 60,000 gallons in capacity. Field erected sizes are larger.
It is
- Environmentally Safe
- Will Never Rust
- Durable Long Life
FRP Underground Tanks are ideal for:
- Gasoline
- Jet Fuel
- AV-Gas
- Motor Oil
- Kerosene
- Diesel Fuel
- Alcohol-Gasoline Blend Motor Fuels
- Ethanol-Blend Motor Fuels
- Methanol Blends
- Oxygenated Motor Fuels
- Water & Septic
- Any Gasoline/Ethanol Blend, including 100% Ethanol, Methanol or M85
FRP Underground Tank sizes range from 285 to 50,000 gallons in capacity, and from 4 to 12 feet in diameter and 6-1/2 to 73 feet in length.
Why use FRP?
The MAIN characteristics of thermo sets (literally 'setting under heat') is that they require
curing, when they undergo a molecular cross-linking process which is irreversible and renders them infusible. They thus offer high thermal stability, plus good rigidity and hardness and resistance to creep. It also means that, once cured, the resin and its laminate cannot be reprocessed, except by methods of chemical break-down, which are currently under active development. For practical purposes, therefore, cured thermosetting resins can be recycled most effectively if ground to fine particles, when they can be incorporated into new laminates, as cost-effective fillers.
Thermosetting resins have little use as pure resin, but require addition of other chemicals to render them process able. For reinforced plastics, the compounds usually comprise a resin system (with curing agents, hardeners, inhibitors, plasticizers) and fillers and or reinforcement. The resin system provides the 'binder', to a large extent dictating the cost, dimensional stability, heat, chemical resistance and basic flammability. The reinforcement can influence these (particularly heat-and dimensional-stability), but the man effect is on tensile strength and toughness. High-performance fibres, of course, have a fundamental influence on cost.
Special fillers and additives can influence mechanical properties, especially for improvement in dimensional stability, but they are mainly used to confer specific properties, such as flame retardancy, UV stability or electrical conductivity.
Thermosetting resins are normally used in the liquid state and solidify and harden on curing. With some resins it is possible to part-cure and then hold the resin in what is termed the B-stage, for the cure to be completed at later time.
FRP Properties
Epoxy
Excellent composite properties, very good chemical resistance, good thermal properties, and very good electrical properties, and low shrinkage on curing and can be B-staged.
Phenolic
Very good thermal properties, good fire resistance (self-extinguishing), B-stage possible, good electrical properties.
Polyester
Wide choice of resins, easy to use, cure at room temperature and elevated temperature, very good composite properties, good chemical resistance, and good electrical properties.
Polymide and polyamide-imide
Excellent thermal properties, good composite properties, good electrical properties, and good fire properties.
Polyurethane
Good composite properties, very good chemical resistance, very high toughness (impact) and good abrasion resistance.
Silicone
Very good thermal properties, excellent chemical resistance, very good electrical properties, resistant to hydrolysis, oxidation and, good fire properties (self-extinguishing)-Non-toxic.
Vinylester
Good fatigue resistance, excellent composite properties, very good chemical resistance, and good toughness
Polypropylene Fibers in Cement Mixes:tips for Right Use
The following info pertains to usual monofilament or fibrillated polypropylene fibers (not the structural ones).
Use polypropylene fibers….
1) For the reduction of plastic shrinkage cracks. This phenomenon evolves mainly during the first 6 hours after concrete or mortar casting.
2) For the reduction of plastic settlement cracks (evolving mainly the first 3 hours).
3) As a secondary, triaxial reinforcement to intercept early crack formation.
4) For the production of thin section building elements.
5) For better impact resistance and shattering behavior.
6) To increase abrasion resistance in concrete floors. Polypropylene fibers reduce bleeding and surface cracking. Much dusting is produced by crack edges’ fracturing.
7) In combination with air entraining agents to improve concrete’s behavior to freeze-thaw cycles. The synergistic effect of these materials is powerful!!
8) To give extra protection against carbonation and reinforcement corrosion.
9) For longer life and higher concrete durability.
10) To reduce explosive spalling in case of fire e.g. in tunnels.
11) To reduce rebound of sprayed concrete (increases cohesiveness).
12) To reduce cracking and water permeability in screeds and mortars.
Don't use polypropylene fibers...
(1) for less water permeable concrete. PP fibers could only marginally contribute to this. To reduce concrete water permeability it's much easier to use:
- a PCE superplasticizer to attain a water-to-cement ratio not more than 0,45
- some pore blockers as for example silica fume
- integral waterproofers based on esters of stearates. These products line concrete pores with hydrophobic substances and reduce intermolecular adhesion forces between pore walls and water.
-integral waterproofers based on proprietary,penetrating salts:crystallization process
(2) to replace any kind of structural steel and rebars. Use only fibrillated fibers of great length (25-40mm) at increased quantities (at least 1,5 Kg/m3) to replace traditional wire-mesh for slabs-on-grade.
Monofilament fibers? Just forget about it!!
(3) to control crack formation due to external stresses
(4) to increase compressive strength
(5) to reduce thickness of slabs-on-grade
(6) to avoid the obligation to abide by proper concrete practices.
Wall Ties -Making the cavity walls stable
Cavity wall is a load sharing system which use ties in specific patterns and provides extra resistance to weather conditions because of the cavity. The other main advantages of cavity walls include the thermal insulation, sound insulation, prevents moisture entering from outside and the structural stability. The material of construction or the structure of the cavity wall can vary, and the strength of these walls also depend upon the tying mechanism and tying product (wall tie) being used. Wall ties are the important member which significantly determines the stability of a cavity wall.
Builders use wall ties in cavity walls to hold the two walls together and stop them bulging or bowing. Horizontal cracking in brickwork, external rendering or building blocks can often be caused by the failure of cavity wall ties. In old properties it is common to find steel wall ties - these rust and corrode and have to be replaced. When the cavity wall ties corrode they expand to several times their original thickness, which causes the wall to crack at the mortar joints and often result in major damage and sometimes collapse of the wall.
The type and density of wall ties depends upon certain factors like the area of uncontrolled brickwork, the extent of exposure to wind, size of the cavity height of the building and the typical nature of the structure. If the wall ties used are not selected carefully, this can lead to damp penetration, the failure of the whole structure or even collapse.
If you are facing a wall tie failure, you should contact the specialist company. Their qualified surveyor will carry out a survey on the existing cavity wall ties using a metal detector, borescope and damp meter and by drilling into the wall at appropriate intervals he will view inside the cavity to check for cavity wall tie corrosion. He will also determine the extent of any external cracking and advice you of any appropriate repairs that are required or if the services of a structural engineer are needed. They will then issue a detailed report, our recommendations and estimate for all necessary cavity wall tie replacement and remedial work.
The several key elements of the wall survey includes location and approximate age of the property, width of cavity, detecting cracks and any signs of movement, cavity insulation, condition of ties, the pattern in which the ties are arranged, etc. The survey is carried by using specialist instruments like metal detectors and endoscopes, etc.
The detailed survey will help in identifying the exact problem and will provide a good starting point to combat wall ties failure problems by carefully selecting the appropriate repair strategy. The repair techniques that can be adopted may include the use of
• Structural wall ties and restraints
• Embedded wall stitching
• Strapping
• Structural Pinning
• Resin bonding or resin beam repairs – When the base material is not adequate or unable to take the stress of the mechanical member, then the resin helps in bonding the tie to the base material.
All the above mentioned repair strategies should always be carried out or supervised by a competent person as many of these require the old wall ties to be removed and replaced by new wall ties. Tapco HomeDry use a double expansion remedial cavity wall tie that is manufactured from corrosion resistant Austenitic 304 grade stainless steel tie bars with Neoprene sleeves. These cavity wall ties have a unique ‘tall-nut’ which when turned with a setting tool, rotates the whole tie bar, forcing the inner leaf sleeve to open and grip the masonry. At a factory set torque level, the end of the ‘tall nut’ shears away and the remaining nut is forced down the bar to expand the sleeve and grip the outer leaf.
Builders use wall ties in cavity walls to hold the two walls together and stop them bulging or bowing. Horizontal cracking in brickwork, external rendering or building blocks can often be caused by the failure of cavity wall ties. In old properties it is common to find steel wall ties - these rust and corrode and have to be replaced. When the cavity wall ties corrode they expand to several times their original thickness, which causes the wall to crack at the mortar joints and often result in major damage and sometimes collapse of the wall.
The type and density of wall ties depends upon certain factors like the area of uncontrolled brickwork, the extent of exposure to wind, size of the cavity height of the building and the typical nature of the structure. If the wall ties used are not selected carefully, this can lead to damp penetration, the failure of the whole structure or even collapse.
If you are facing a wall tie failure, you should contact the specialist company. Their qualified surveyor will carry out a survey on the existing cavity wall ties using a metal detector, borescope and damp meter and by drilling into the wall at appropriate intervals he will view inside the cavity to check for cavity wall tie corrosion. He will also determine the extent of any external cracking and advice you of any appropriate repairs that are required or if the services of a structural engineer are needed. They will then issue a detailed report, our recommendations and estimate for all necessary cavity wall tie replacement and remedial work.
The several key elements of the wall survey includes location and approximate age of the property, width of cavity, detecting cracks and any signs of movement, cavity insulation, condition of ties, the pattern in which the ties are arranged, etc. The survey is carried by using specialist instruments like metal detectors and endoscopes, etc.
The detailed survey will help in identifying the exact problem and will provide a good starting point to combat wall ties failure problems by carefully selecting the appropriate repair strategy. The repair techniques that can be adopted may include the use of
• Structural wall ties and restraints
• Embedded wall stitching
• Strapping
• Structural Pinning
• Resin bonding or resin beam repairs – When the base material is not adequate or unable to take the stress of the mechanical member, then the resin helps in bonding the tie to the base material.
All the above mentioned repair strategies should always be carried out or supervised by a competent person as many of these require the old wall ties to be removed and replaced by new wall ties. Tapco HomeDry use a double expansion remedial cavity wall tie that is manufactured from corrosion resistant Austenitic 304 grade stainless steel tie bars with Neoprene sleeves. These cavity wall ties have a unique ‘tall-nut’ which when turned with a setting tool, rotates the whole tie bar, forcing the inner leaf sleeve to open and grip the masonry. At a factory set torque level, the end of the ‘tall nut’ shears away and the remaining nut is forced down the bar to expand the sleeve and grip the outer leaf.
Steel Buildings May Resist Quakes
An engineer sets a model of a four-story building on his desk, adds two weights, and slides it slowly back and forth. The plywood-and-steel building sways smoothly. As he shortens and intensifies motions to mimic an earthquake, the model wriggles like molded jello, each floor moving differently from the one below it. Such complex motions challenge designers as they try to improve earthquake-resistant structures.
Yet engineers are no longer satisfied with buildings that avoid collapse during an earthquake - the basis of current 'life safety' earthquake steel building codes. They now want to design steel buildings that require only minor repairs and remain usable while repairs are made.
One of the more promising techniques, say some engineers, involves computerized machinery that adjusts a building's structure hundreds of times a second to offset the effects of ground vibrations - so-called active designs for earthquake resistance. Even if a building later had to be razed, the engineering was usually deemed successful if it held up long enough for people to escape unharmed.
Even in Japan, with its frequent strong temblors, 1971 building-code revisions only require that structures resist sudden collapse, according to Shizuo Hayashi, an engineering professor at the Tokyo Institute of Technology.
Two factors are prompting the shift toward 'performance based' designs
A similar estimate in 1988 put the probability at 60 percent by 2018, and only along the San Andreas and San Jacinto faults. Separate studies in last week's issue of Science magazine suggested that the region is long overdue for a series of quakes of Northridge-size magnitudes.
Designers have a variety of options for adding earthquake resistance to new or existing commercial steel buildings, much of it based on construction materials such as steel framing, steel-reinforced concrete, and properly braced and anchored wood framing for homes. While all of these techniques showed some flaws in the a few of the quakes of past years, they still can be effective when properly used, engineers say.
In addition, foundations can be mounted on shock absorbing 'base isolaters' made of springs or alternating layers of rubber and steel plate. The concept has been around for about 15 years, but it has caught on only within the last five years, as recent quakes have prompted planners to design and retrofit key steel buildings with isolaters.
Yet isolaters have shortcomings, engineers say. They are most effective on shorter steel buildings. Even then, buildings can slide off them under some circumstances. And their effectiveness on tall buildings is uncertain. They could actually tip over in a severe quake.
This is prompting researchers to look at active methods for earthquake resistance , particularly for tall buildings mostly made from steel. The principle is that they add energy to the building to counteract an earthquake's forces. This can be achieved in two ways. Adding steel braces to the sides of buildings that, through shock-absorbing hydraulics, can change the tension on a building's frame; and adding a movable multiton 'damper' to the top of a building that counteracts vibrations set up by an earthquake. The braces and dampers are controlled by a computer, which gathers information on the building's movements from strategically placed sensors.
Although the technique shows promise, it shouldn't be oversold, researchers say. First, it has not been tested by strong earthquakes -although a six-story experimental steel building in Tokyo performed well in three moderate earthquakes. Second, active measures rely on external power sources that can be vulnerable in a temblor. Moreover, cost remains a factor, although an active system would add only 3 to 5 percent to a commercial steel building.
Yet engineers are no longer satisfied with buildings that avoid collapse during an earthquake - the basis of current 'life safety' earthquake steel building codes. They now want to design steel buildings that require only minor repairs and remain usable while repairs are made.
One of the more promising techniques, say some engineers, involves computerized machinery that adjusts a building's structure hundreds of times a second to offset the effects of ground vibrations - so-called active designs for earthquake resistance. Even if a building later had to be razed, the engineering was usually deemed successful if it held up long enough for people to escape unharmed.
Even in Japan, with its frequent strong temblors, 1971 building-code revisions only require that structures resist sudden collapse, according to Shizuo Hayashi, an engineering professor at the Tokyo Institute of Technology.
Two factors are prompting the shift toward 'performance based' designs
A similar estimate in 1988 put the probability at 60 percent by 2018, and only along the San Andreas and San Jacinto faults. Separate studies in last week's issue of Science magazine suggested that the region is long overdue for a series of quakes of Northridge-size magnitudes.
Designers have a variety of options for adding earthquake resistance to new or existing commercial steel buildings, much of it based on construction materials such as steel framing, steel-reinforced concrete, and properly braced and anchored wood framing for homes. While all of these techniques showed some flaws in the a few of the quakes of past years, they still can be effective when properly used, engineers say.
In addition, foundations can be mounted on shock absorbing 'base isolaters' made of springs or alternating layers of rubber and steel plate. The concept has been around for about 15 years, but it has caught on only within the last five years, as recent quakes have prompted planners to design and retrofit key steel buildings with isolaters.
Yet isolaters have shortcomings, engineers say. They are most effective on shorter steel buildings. Even then, buildings can slide off them under some circumstances. And their effectiveness on tall buildings is uncertain. They could actually tip over in a severe quake.
This is prompting researchers to look at active methods for earthquake resistance , particularly for tall buildings mostly made from steel. The principle is that they add energy to the building to counteract an earthquake's forces. This can be achieved in two ways. Adding steel braces to the sides of buildings that, through shock-absorbing hydraulics, can change the tension on a building's frame; and adding a movable multiton 'damper' to the top of a building that counteracts vibrations set up by an earthquake. The braces and dampers are controlled by a computer, which gathers information on the building's movements from strategically placed sensors.
Although the technique shows promise, it shouldn't be oversold, researchers say. First, it has not been tested by strong earthquakes -although a six-story experimental steel building in Tokyo performed well in three moderate earthquakes. Second, active measures rely on external power sources that can be vulnerable in a temblor. Moreover, cost remains a factor, although an active system would add only 3 to 5 percent to a commercial steel building.
FIRE BARRIERS
Fire barriers must be made of materials that are permitted by the building type of construction and fire-resistance-rated glazing, when tested in accordance with ASTM E 119 shall comply with this section. They have to be labeled or show some type of identification, provided by an approved agency that has the name of the manufacturer, the test standard and the identifier that includes the fire-resistance rating. Exit enclosures, exit passageways, to include horizontal exits, all must comply with the code book.
When outside walls are part of a required fire-rated shaft or exit enclosure they have to be in accordance with the code. Fire barriers must extend from the top of the floor/ceiling assembly below to the bottom of the floor or roof slab or deck above and be securely attached.
All outside walls that are used as a part of a required fire-rating enclosure or separation have to comply with this section except for outside walls that are in accordance with code exceptions. Openings in a fire barrier will be protected and will be limited to a maximum aggregate width of 25 percent of the length of the wall having a maximum area of any single opening not being more than 156 square feet. This does apply to openings that have adjoining fire sprinklers throughout and the opening assembly has been tested with ASTM E 119, fire doors serving as an exit.
MEZZANINES (IBC-09)
Mezzanines that conform to this section can be considered a portion of the story. They cannot, however, be counted as either the building area or the number of stories as regulated by this section. The area of the mezzanine must be included in determining the fire area. The clear floor height of your mezzanine cannot be less than 7 feet.
The total area of a mezzanine within a room is not allowed to be over one third of the floor area of the room or the space that they are in. You also cannot include the enclosed part of the room to determine the floor area where the mezzanine is located. When determining the allowable mezzanine area, the area of the mezzanine cannot be included in the floor area except for the following:
A. The total area of mezzanines in buildings and structures that are Type I or II (see Occupancy Classifications:IBC-09) for special industrial occupancies in accordance with this chapter cannot be more than two-thirds of the area in the room.
B. The total area of mezzanines in buildings and structures that are Type I or II cannot be more than one-half of the area of the room in buildings and structures that have an approved sprinkler system throughout. The sprinkler system has to be in accordance with code requirements and an approved emergency voice/alarm communication system.
Mezzanines are no different when talking about exits and exit routes. Each occupant of a mezzanine must have access to at least two exits where the common path of exit travel is over the limits. If the exit from your mezzanine is a stairway, the maximum travel distance must include the distance traveled on the stairway measured in the plane of the tread nosing.
Accessible means of exits must be provided, as well as a single means of exit. If a building or structure has a mezzanine it has to be open and no obstructions are allowed in the room where the mezzanine is located, except for walls that are not more than 42 inches high, columns, and posts.
There are five exceptions to this code, and they are as follows:
1. Mezzanines or portions that are of concern are not required to be open, provided that the occupant load does not go over 10 persons.
2. Mezzanines or portions that are of concern are not required to be open to the room if at least one of the exits provides direct access to an exit from the mezzanine level.
3. Mezzanines are not required to be open to the room, provided that the total floor area of the enclosed space does not go over 10 percent of the area.
4. In industrial facilities, mezzanines used for control equipment are allowed to be glazed on all sides.
5. In Groups H and I occupancies that are no more than two stories in height above grade plane and equipped with an automatic sprinkler, a mezzanine having two or more exits is not required to be open to the room in which the mezzanine is located.
MICROPILES (IBC-09)
Micropiles are 12-inch-diameter or less bored, grouted-in-place piles
incorporating steel pipe (casing) and/or steel reinforcement. There has been a
change in the code regarding micropiles and in this section I have covered all
of these changes. Keep your eyes open for any details that pertain to your
construction or building needs and as always ask your local building official
to clarify any questions that you may have regarding this code.
Micropiles must
have a grouted section reinforced with steel pipe or steel reinforcing.
Micropiles develop their load-carrying capacity through soil, bedrock, or a
combination of soil and bedrock. The full length of the micropile must contain
either a steel pipe or steel reinforcement. One of the materials used with
micropiles is grout.
Grout must have a 28-day specified compressive strength no less than 4,000 psi. As with all piles, micropiles too must be reinforced. For piles or portions of piles grouted inside a temporary or permanent casing or inside a hole drilled into bedrock, the steel pipe or reinforcement must be designed to carry at least 40 percent of the design compression load.
Grout must have a 28-day specified compressive strength no less than 4,000 psi. As with all piles, micropiles too must be reinforced. For piles or portions of piles grouted inside a temporary or permanent casing or inside a hole drilled into bedrock, the steel pipe or reinforcement must be designed to carry at least 40 percent of the design compression load.
You can use rotary or percussive drilling as a method, with or without casing, to form a hole for the pile. The pile must be grouted using a fluid cement grout and pumped through a tremie pipe that extends to the bottom of the pile until the grout comes back up to the top. There are eight requirements of this code that must be applied to specific installation methods:
A. For piles grouted inside a temporary casing, the reinforcing steel must be inserted prior to withdrawal of the casing.
B. The casing must be withdrawn in a controlled manner with the grout level maintained at the top of the pile to ensure that the grout completely fills the drill hole.
C. Make sure you monitor the grout level inside the casing when you are withdrawing the casing so you can see that there is nothing obstructing the flow of the grout.
D. You must verify the design diameter of the drill hole for a pile that is grouted in an open drill hole in soil without temporary casing.
E. By using a suitable means for piles designed for end bearing you will be verifying that the bearing surface is properly cleaned prior to grouting.
F. Subsequent piles cannot be drilled near piles that have been grouted until the grout has had enough time to harden.
G. You must grout piles as soon as possible after you have completed drilling.
H. For piles designed with casing full length, the casing must be pulled back to the top of the bond zone and reinserted to verify grout coverage outside the casing.
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